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CAIvIKORNIA 



I 



STATE BOARD OK HORTICULT-URK. 



DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS, 

Their Natural Enemies, Remedies and 
Recommendations. 

Bv Alexander Craw, 

Quarantine Officer and Entomologist. 




STATE OFFICE, 



I 



SACRAMENTO: 

: : : A. J. Johnston, supt. state printing. 
1891. 



CAIvIKORNIA 



STATE BOARD OK HORTICUIvTURE. 



DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS, 

Their Natural Enemies, Remedies and 
Recommendations. 



By Alexander Craw, 

Quarantine Officer and Entomologist. 



..M:^ 




SACRAMENTO: 
STATE OFFICE, : : : : : A. J. johnston, supt. state printing. 

1891. 









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rif 



STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 

BLLWOOD COOPER, President -. Santa Barbara, 

Commissioner for the Los Angeles District. 

L. W. BUCK, Vice-President - ....Vacaville, 

Commissioner for the Napa District. 

S. RUNYON, Treasurer Courtland, 

Commissioner for tlie Sacramento District. 

J. L. MOSHER, Auditor ...San Francisco, 

Commissioner for the State at Large. 

FRANK A. KIMBALL National City, 

Commissioner for the State at Large. 

A. F. WHITE - Santa Rosa, 

Commissioner for the Sonoma District. 

FRED. C. MILES... — Penryn, 

Commissioner for the El Dorado District. 

I. H. THOMAS Visalia, 

Commissioner for the San Joaquin District. 

A. BLOCK.- Santa Clara, 

Commissioner for the San Francisco District. 

B. M. LELONG, Secretary ..Ex officio Chief Horticultural Officer. 

ALEXANDER CRAW Quarantine Officer and Entomologist. 

ELLA F. HALLAHAN... Clerk. 

Office of the Board: 
No. 220 Sutter Street, San Francisco. 



CONTENTS. 



Coccidse 



Scale Insects 


II. 


Miscellaneous Insects 


. III. 


Beneficial Insects . 


IV. 


Internal Parasites 


V. 


Remedies.. 


VI. 



17 



25 



27 



30 



VII. 
Spraying Apparatus 37 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



San Francisco, October 10, 1891. 

Mr. B. M. Lelong, Secretary State Board of Horticulture: 

Dear Sir: I herewith submit this brief report upon destructive insects, 
their natural enemies and remedies, including the mechanical appliances 
used in this State for the suppression of the former. 

I beg to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, of 

Mountain View, who, during my absence in the soutliern part of the 

State, acted as my deputy and inspected all steamers arriving at this 

port from foreign countries. 

Kespectfully, 

ALEXANDER CRAW, 

State Quarantine Officer and Entomologist. 



— 6 — 



I. 

COCCID^. 



The most formidable of all insects that infest fruit trees in this State 
are those of the family Coccidse. They are 'also more easily transported, 
as they are firmly attached to the bark of trees or plants, and multiply 
and spread to adjoining orchards. This has been the experience with 
all the destructive species now found in California, none of which are 
natives of the State. Lecanium olese, for instance, is a native of Europe; 
Icerya purchasi and Aonidia aurantii, of Australia; Aspidiotus citrinus, 
of Japan. Aspidiotus perniciosus is also undoubtedly of foreign origin. 
Some of these species can now be found upon indigenous trees and 
plants of the State, and far away from orchards or cultivated trees, 
carried thence in the larval state by the wind, birds, bees, or other insects 
that visit infested trees. We have accounts of others that are very 
destructive in different parts of the world, and would prove equally 
injurious here if they obtained a foothold in our salubrious climate. 

The characteristic differences of the species that have made their 
presence felt in various sections, and others that have been found upon 
trees imported into our State from other States and foreign countries, 
are illustrated in colors, to give a better idea than a written description 
can convey. The species shown upon the wood and leaves are true to 
nature; those enlarged are as they appear when viewed through the 
microscope. 

The new beginner in fruit culture may look with indifference upon 
such a small speck, and be inclined to pass it by, thinking it incapable 
of any serious damage. The time for effective work is when they are 
first discovered and before they have had an opportunity to make their 
baneful and blighting presence felt. First, a few spotted leaves and 
fruit; afterwards, the dropping of both; and finally, the dying and dead 
branches will be the result of delay. 



II. 

SCALE INSECTS. 

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND REMEDIES FOR THEIR DESTRUCTION. 



Oyster-Shell Scale, 

Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouche. 

[Colored plate. Figs. 1 and 2.] 

This scale is very damaging to apple trees, and also infests other 
plants. The scale of the female is mussel shape, more or less curved, of 
a purplish brown color, with the exuviee yellowish. Length, one six- 
teenth of an inch. The body of the female is light yellow. The last 
segment presents the following characteristics: The anterior group of 
spinnerets consists of from eleven to seventeen; the anterior laterals and 
posterior laterals each of sixteen to twenty-one. The median lobes are 
large and wide, with the sides parallel; they are only about three fourths 
as long as broad. Each lobe is narrowed on each side near the distal 
extremity by one or two notches, and then rounded. The second lobe of 
each side is about as wide as the first, and is deeply incised; mesal 
lobule with mesal margin as long as lateral margin of the first lobe, and 
rounded posteriorly; lateral lobule about half the length and width of 
mesal lobule, and similar in "shape. Third lobule obsolete. The plates 
are long, simple, and tapering. 

Eggs. — These are white, and are arranged irregularly under the scale. 

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male of this species is usually 
straight and of the same color as that of the female. At about one 
quarter of the length of the scale from the posterior extremity, the scale 
is thin, forming a hinge which allows the posterior part of it to be lifted 
by the male as he emerges. Length, .06 of an inch. The male is trans- 
lucent, corneous gray, with a dorsal transverse band on each joint, and 
the portions of the mesothorax and metathorax darker, or purj)le gray, 
with the members somewhat lighter. 

According to climate and locality the young scale hatch from the 
middle of March to June. Color, yellow. They begin to form the cot- 
tony excretion after twenty-four hours', and in two to four days the 
insect is completely covered with a dense excretion, which increases as 
the larva grows. 

In several of the older apple-growing districts of the State this scale 
has secured a lodgment, and in neglected orchards that have been sub- 
divided into city lots they have made considerable progress. 



— 8 — 

Purple Scale. 
Mytilaspis citricola, Packard. 

[Colored plate, Figs. 3 and 4.] 

This species can be very easily confounded with Mytilaspis pomorum, 
being very much like it in shape, but it is only found on citrus trees. 

The scale of the female is long, slightly curved, and widened pos- 
teriorly. It is brown, with a purple tinge; the exuviae brown, with 
delicate margin. Ventral scale is well developed and of a dirty white 
color. It is a single piece attached to the lower edge of the scale, and 
is more or less incomplete posteriorly. Length of scale, .12 of an inch. 
The color of the female is pale yellow. 

Eggs, — The eggs are white and placed irregularly under the scale. 

Male. — The scale of the male is usually straight; of the same color 
as that of the female, sometimes almost black; the larval skin light 
yellow. For about one quarter of the length from the posterior end the 
scale is thin, forming a hinge which allows the posterior part of it to be 
lifted when the male emerges. Length, .06 of an inch. 

This is a very serious pest in the orange groves of Florida, infesting 
the wood, leaves, and fruit. Young citrus trees imported from Florida 
infested with this scale and planted in the interior valleys of the State, 
have generally been found free from the pest after the first summer, but 
in the moist sections near the coast I am satisfied that they will thrive. 
My attention was recently called to trees that had been planted two 
seasons upon which the purple scales had bred, and spread to the young 
wood and foliage. The owner would take no risks with fumigation or 
sprays, so he cut the infested trees down. Similar results were notice- 
able with small trees infested with black scale {L. olese) and taken 
inland, but since the trees have developed large tops and more shade, 
it has been found necessary to spray in some of those districts, in order 
to have clean fruit. 

The cargo of three hundred and twenty-five thousand Tahiti orange 
trees quarantined at the port of San Pedro for the past three months 
was seriously infested with the purple scale. This shows its wide dis- 
tribution, as it is also found in the West Indies and in Europe. 

Long Scale. 

Mytilaspis gloverii, Packard. 

[Colored plate, Figs. 7 and 8.] 

This species resembles the purple scale, but differs in being straighter 
and much narrower, and in color it is yellow to dark brown. The ven- 
tral scale is white, very thin, and split longitudinally, showing the eggs 
arranged in two layers. In this characteristic it differs from the purple, 
and can be readily distinguished from the latter. The body of the 
female is light purple in color, with the last segment yellowish. The 
eggs are white when first laid, but become tinged with purple before 
hatching. 

The male scale is similar in form to that of the female, but smaller 
and very seldom curved. 



This scale was introduced into Florida in 1840 on trees imported from 
Bermuda, and fifteen years later they had spread to all the groves then 
existing in that State, destroying the tops and branches of the trees, and 
brought ruin to the orange growers. This condition of affairs continued 
for a number of years before the appearance of internal parasites that 
checked to a certain extent their ravages. This scale is also widely 
distributed; it is a common pest in the orange-growing sections of 
Europe. The past season I have destroyed two lots of orange trees 
infested with them that arrived here from Japan. Growers having 
trees imported from Japan should carefully examine them, and if found 
prompt measures should be taken to eradicate it before it attains a foot- 
hold in the orchard or on adjacent trees. 

Pernicious Scale. 

Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comstock. 

[Colored plate, Figs. 5 and 6.] 

This insect is of a grayish color except the center, which is of a pale 
yellow or sometimes reddish yellow. It is circular and flat, with the 
exuviae nearly central. Diameter, .08 of an inch. 

The body of the female is yellowish, and almost circular in outline; 
segmentation is distinct; the last segment has the following character- 
istics: Two pairs of lobes are visible; the first pair converge at tip, are 
notched about midway their length on the lateral margin, and often 
bear a slight notch on the mesal margin near the tip. The second pair 
are notched once on the lateral margin. The margin of the ventral 
surface of the segment is deeply incised twice on each side of the meson, 
once between the bases of the first and second lobes, and again lateral 
of the second lobe. On each side of each of these incisions is a club- 
shaped thickening of the body wall. There are two inconspicuous 
simple plates between the median lobes, and on each side two similar 
plates extending caudad of the first incision; three small plates serrate 
on their lateral margin caudad of the second incision, and the club- 
shaped thickening of the body wall bounding it, and three wide pro- 
longations of the margin between the third and fourth spines. These 
prolongations are usually fringed on their distal margin. There are 
also some irregular j^rolongations of the margin between the fourth 
spine and the penultimate segment. The first and second spines are 
situated lateral of the first and second lobes, respectively, the third 
spine lateral of the second incision, and the fourth spine about half 
the distance from the first lobe to the penultimate segment. The eggs 
are white. 

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male is dark, and is somewhat elon- 
gated when fully formed. The larval skin is covered with secretion; 
its position is marked by a nipple-like prominence, which is between 
the center and the anterior margin of the scale. 

Insect Enemies. — The parasitic and predaceous insects that feed upon 
this scale are: A' small internal chalcid {Aphelinus fuscipennis) and 
the twice-stabbed ladybird {Chilocorus bivulnerus). Several orchards 
in Santa Clara and Tulare Counties have been reported cleaned of scales 
by them. 



— 10 — 

Yellow Scale of the Orange. 

Aspidiotus citrinus, Coquillett. 
[Colored plate, Figp. 9 and 10.] 

This species differs but slightly from A. aurantii, but in its habits 
and color there is a very marked difference. The female scale is circular, 
with the exuvice slightly to one side; the scale is not as convex; the 
margins are wider and a light gray. The body is a pale yellow ; the 
ventral scale is light colored and remains attached to the ujDper one, 
making it difficult to remove the insect from the scale. 

A curious fact about this insect is that it seldom attacks the wood, 
even when the foliage and fruit are covered with them. On this account 
the fruit grower can readily determine between it and Aurantii, as the 
latter infests the young shoots and even the large branches. When first 
introduced into this State in 1872, and for a number of years after, this 
proved to be a very destructive scale; but since then we have had the 
good fortune of having introduced its natural enemy — probably from 
Japan — a very small chalcid fly. This is a Japanese species, and this 
year I obtained a few specimens from an orange tree that had just then 
arrived from Japan, and from them hatched the same parasite that we 
find preying upon this scale in the San Gabriel Valley. This estab- 
lishes the fact of our having the true parasite of this species. 

Florida Red Scale. 
Aspidiotus jicus, Ashmead. 
[Colored plate, Figs. 13 and 14.] 

This is a dark red scale, infesting citrus trees in Florida, settling on 
the wood, leaves, and fruit. The scale of the female is circular, with 
the exuviae nearly central. The position of the first skin is indicated 
by a nipple-like prominence, which, in fresh specimens, is white, and is 
the remains of a mass of cottony excretions, beneath which the first 
skin is shed. The part covering the second skin is light red, and the 
remainder is much darker, ranging from dark reddish brown to black; 
the thin part of the margin is gray. When full grown it measures .08 
of an inch in diameter. The body of the female is nearly circular, and 
the color is white, with yellowish spots. The eggs are pale yellow. 

The scale of the inale is much smaller than that of the female; the 
posterior side is prolonged into a thin flap, which is gray in color. 

Male. — The male is light orange-yellow in color, resembling the male 
of A. aurantii, but being smaller, having shorter antennae. 

Citrus trees imported from Florida should be carefully examined for 
this and other species that infest the trees of that State. From its 
dark-colored scale, it disfigures the fruit even more than A. aurantii, 
and its effect upon the tree is equally damaging. Upon a shipment of 
plants {Ilex latifolia) from Japan, I found a few -specimens of this 
scale, which, after the second disinfection, were destroyed, and none 
have appeared since. 



11 



The Gloomy Scale. 
Aspidiotus tenehricosus, Comstock. 





"^. ' Xr 



Fig. 19. 

Scale of the female is dark gray. The protuberance indicating the 
position of the exuviae is marked with a white dot and concentric ring. 
In rubbed specimens this protuberance is smooth and black; in all cases 
the remainder of the surface of the scale is rough. The scale is convex; 
the exuviae is usually between tlie center and one side. The ventral 
scale is well developed, especially at the margin, where it is much thick- 
ened and is dark colored. The central part is white and adheres to the 
bark, while the thickened part is easily removed as a ring. Diameter 
of the scale, .06 of an inch. Female is nearly circular, being but slightly 
longer than broad, and is of a yellowish' brown color. 

Scale of the male is oval in outline and of the same color as that of 
the female. The protuberance covering the larval skin is near the 
anterior end. 

In the spring of this year I received specimens of this scale from San 
Jose. I afterwards visited that section and examined the few old apple 
trees that are infested with it. I observed that it only attacks the under 
side of the branches that measure one inch in diameter and over, giving 
the bark a rough, scaly appearance. It has not the poisonous effect upon 



— 12 — 

the wood, discoloring the inner bark and cambium layer, noticeable upon 
trees attacked by the pernicious scale. It appears to spread very slowly, 
as younger trees adjoining were not infested. 

Red Scale of the Orange. 
Aonidia* aurantii, Maskell. 
[Colored plate, Figs. 15 and 16.] 

This is a circular scale, commonly known as the red scale, infesting 
citrus trees. This species resembles Aspidiotus Jicus in shape, size, and 
the nipple-like prominence. The color varies from light greenish yellow 
to reddish brown. The central third is as dark, and usually darker, than 
the remainder of the scale, and when the female is fully grown the pecul- 
iar reniform body is discernible through the scale, causing the darker 
part of the outer two thirds of the scale to appear as a broken ring. The 
female is light yellow in color in the adolescent stages, becoming brown- 
ish as it reaches maturity. When fully developed the thorax extends 
backwards in a large rounded lobe on each side, projecting beyond the 
extremity of the abdomen and giving the body a reniform shape. 

The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female, and the pos- 
terior side is prolonged into a thin flap. The part which covers the 
larval skin is often lighter than the remainder of the scale. The male 
is light yellow, with the thoracic band brown, and eyes purplish black. 

Eggs. — These have never been seen excepting in the female's body, but 
larva3 having been found under the scale, it is supposed that the female 
is viviparous. 

Apricot Scale. 

Lecanium armeniacum, Craw. 

[Colored plate, Figs. 11 and 12.] 

Adult Female. — Color, light brown. In shape resembles L. hesperi- 
dum, but is much larger and more convex. In the center of the dorsum 
is a prominent shining circular protuberance, from which radiate a 
number of small ridges; these are more noticeable upon the posterior 
half of the scale. From the convex center to the anus is a low carina, 
also noticeable in front. 

Length, from .20 to .27 of an inch; width, from .12 to .15 of an inch; 
height, from .05 to .10 of an inch. Antennae tapering to the point, 
seven-jointed; joints 1 and 3 subequal; joint 2 nearly three times as 
long as joint 1; joint 4 slightly longer than joints 5 and 6; joint 7 is 
nearly same as joint 3, and tapers to a point; a few bristles at the tip 
and upon each joint. 

Eggs. — These are smaller and lighter colored' than L. olese. 

Larvae. — Are long, oval, light yellow, darker down the center, and 
can be distinguished from the larvse of Oleae in not having the four 
reddish brown marks upon the dorsum. 

Like other species of Lecanium that produce but one generation a 

* Formerly described as an "Aspidiotus." 



— 13 — 

year, their development is slow. They generally hatch in June and 
locate upon the leaves, where they go through their molt, and then 
move to the young wood. In the spring they grow rapidly and throw 
off great quantities of excrement, into which the spores of the black 
smut {Fumago salicina) adhere and grow, injuring the health of the 
tree and the market value of the fruit. The apricot, prune, and plum 
are its favorite food trees, but it also attacks the cherry, and slightly 
the pear. 

Frosted Scale. 
Lecanium pminosum, Coquillett. 

Description. — Adult female, pale brownish, thinly covered with a 
whitish powder, which does not conceal the ground color. Body oblong 
in outline, very convex above, not distinctly carinate, the surface very 
uneven. Margins nearly perpendicular; dimensions as follows: Largest 
specimens, length, .28 of an inch; width, a trifle over .20 of an inch; 
height, .12 of an inch. Smallest full-grown specimen, length, .16 of an 
inch; width, .12 of an inch; height, .08 of an inch. Antennae much 
thickest at the base, 7-jointed; joint 6 the shortest, then 5, then 1 and 2, 
which are subequal in length; joints 3, 4, and 7 are also subequal in 
length, each nearly twice as long as 6; joint 7 tapers to the tip, and is 
furnished with a style, being about three fourths as long as this joint; 
anal cleft and lobes normal. The eggs are of the usual ovoid form of 
the Lecaniums, and of a yellowish Avhite color, and are laid in May, 
June, and July. 

Larvse. — A few weeks after the eggs are deposited, the larvae hatch 
out from under the old scale; they are of a pale color, having a distinct 
dorsal ridge extending the entire length of the body, and with many 
smaller ones (about twenty-four on each side) extending from it to the 
margin, some of them being divided into two branches. 

Habit. — The larvse as soon as hatched locate upon the leaves; their 
development is slow until they take up their position upon the under 
side of the young shoots, where they remain throughout the winter, 
and, in fact, the balance of their lives. Upon the ascent of the sap in 
the spring they grow rapidly, and in April they assume the character- 
istic powdery or frosted appearance peculiar to this species. 

The first I observed of this species was upon apricot trees in the 
neighborhood of Los Angeles in the summer of 1887. Prof. J. Henry 
Comstock, to whom I forwarded specimens for determination, replied 
that the species was new, and gave it the manuscript name of Lecanium 
pruinosum. This scale prefers the apricot and peach, but I have also 
found them upon prunes, plums, pears, apples, and oranges, also upon 
several deciduous ornamental trees. The present season I have found 
a fcAv specimens in Alameda and Santa Clara Counties. 

Insect Enemies. — The only natural enemies I have found attacking 
the young of this scale are several species of ladybirds and the larvse 
of the golden-eyed lace-wing fly. 



— 14 — 

Mining Scale. 
Chionaspis hiclavis, Comstock. 




Fig. 20. 



The recently quarantined orange trees at San Pedro, from Tahiti, 
were badly infested with this scale. The peculiarity of this species is 
in the fact that it burrows under the very thin skin that overlies the 
bark of orange trees. The bark covering the scale retains all its char- 




Fig. 21. 



acteristic color and markings, and upon this account is liable to be 
overlooked but for the gnarled, warty swellings upon the trunks and 
branches produced by their attacks, a good idea of which can be had by 
refej'ence to the illustrations. 

I consider this scale one of the most dangerous that has ever come 



— 15 — 

under my notice, from the fact that it survived five treatments with 
hydrocyanic acid gas, with extra amounts of chemicals. All the other 
species upon the trees succumbed but this, and we found enough alive 
to justify the commencement of proceedings to have the cargo of three 
hundred and twenty-five thousand trees destroyed. 

^The body of the female, before reaching maturity, is translucent, 
afterwards changing to purple. The scale is light colored under the 
layer of bark, and when it is removed the thin, light-colored ventral 
scale remains attached to the bark, thus exposing to view the body of 
the insect (Fig. 20), which can easily be taken from the dorsal scale for 
examination. 

Lemon Scale. 

Aspidiotus limonii, Signoret. 

This species diflers from A82ndiotus nerii by the caudal lobes being 
more detached and more apparent, and by the plates being larger, and 
more particularly by the more elongated form of the last abdominal 
segment. The scale of the female is circular, yellowish white, with 
exuviffi central and yellow; that of the male is more elongated. 

Chaff Scale. 

Parlatoria proteus, Curtis. 

Scale of female is elongate, more or less oval, of a transparent brown- 
ish yellow color, and whitish near the border. The exuviae are rounded 
oval in form, and are equal to about three sevenths of the length of the 
fully formed scale. The scale of the male is light brown, with the exuviae 
black. 



EXPLANATION OF COLORED PLATE. 

Figs. 1, 2. Oyster-shell scale {Mytilaspis poviorum, Bouche). 

Figs. 3, 4. Purple scale {Mytilaspis citricola, Packard). 

Figs. 5, 6. San Jose scale, so called {Aspidiotus perniciosus, Com- 
stock). 

Figs. 7, 8. Long scale {Mytilaspis gloverii, Packard). 

Figs. 9, 10. Yellow scale of the orange {Aspidiotus citrinus, Coquil- 
lett). 

Figs. 11, 12. Apricot scale {Lecanium armeniacum, Craw). 

Figs. 18, 14. Florida red scale {Aspidiotiis ficus, Ashmead). 

Figs. 15, 16. Red scale of the orange {Aonidia aurantii, Maskell). 

Fig. 17. Anatis suhvittata; natural size. 

Fig. 18. Exochomus marginipennis; natural size. 



ENTOMOLOGICAL 




BENEFICIAL AND INJURIOUS INSECTS. 



— 17 — 



III. 

MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 



Grape Leaf Beetle. 
Adoxus vitis, Fabr. 




Fig. 22. 




Fig. 23. 

I received specimens of this destructive beetle in May last from Horti- 
cultural Commissioner William H. Robinson, of Stockton; also grape 
leaves showing the result of their work, an illustration of which is 
herewith appended. I afterwards received specimens from other grape- 
growing districts, which prove it to be widely distributed. 

They are nearly one quarter of an inch in length; some specimens 
are black, others reddish brown. The base of the antenna? and the 
tibise are reddish. They attack the leaf, cutting long, narroAV slits, and 
where very numerous will kill young vines, unless they are checked in 
their depredations. As soon as they make their appearance in the 
spring the vines, if not in bearing, should be thoroughly sprayed with 
Paris green, one pound to two hundred gallons of water. Moisten the 
Paris green with a little water, and when placed in the tank keep it 
constantly stirred while spraying. Use the old style Cyclone nozzle. 
They drop as soon as they are disturbed, and in this way they can be 
captured upon bearing vines by spreading a sheet under them and 
shaking them off, when they can be destroyed by burning in a portable 
fire. This work should be done in the morning, when they are sluggish. 

2-D 



— 18 — 

Black Aphis of the Peach. 
Aphis persica-niger, Smith. 




Fig. 24. 

The danger of importing eastern nursery stock is not altogether con- 
fined to the Yellows or borers, but the black peach aphis is to be dreaded 
upon the peach as much as the woolly aphis upon the apple. Dr. Smith, 
who described this insect, says: 

In Delaware, Maryland, and parts of New Jersejr and Virginia this aphis was reported 
everywhere to be unusually prevalent and destructive. In April, when the leaf buds 
were" pushing, I saw them clustered upon so many shoot axes and so compactly as to kill 
young trees, and even very considerable branches i;pon older trees. They were especially 
destructive to nursery trees and to orchards just planted. I saw one nursery in which 
at least one hundred thousand trees had been killed outright in two or three weeks' 
time. I also heard of half a dozen nurseries which were entirely destroyed or very 
seriously affected, and of orchardists who will be compelled to replant hundreds of trees. 
Such trees are badly dwarfed, and make only a feeble, sickly growth. Tlie leaves are 
light green or yellowish, more or less rolled at the margins, and red or purple spotted 
from the attack of fungi. 

It will be seen from the foregoing that this is a very serious pest, and 
eastern-grown trees should not be planted till properly disinfected; or, 
to be safe, the practice of planting eastern-grown trees ought to be dis- 
continued. 

The description of the species is herewith given, so that it can be 
identified. The winged form is well represented in the figure, so far as 
shape and general appearance are concerned. It is of a shining black 
or very dark brown color. The legs are deep brown on the thighs, the 
tips of the shanks, and the tarsi, else yellowish. The cornicles, or 
horny tubes, are quite long, moderately slender, and of the same color 
as the body. There is a series of deep pits on each side of the abdomen. 

The wingless form diflFers in the somewhat stouter body, but is very 
generally like the winged type in color and general structure. The 
young are of a faint greenish brown, becoming darker as they grow 
older, until they are of the typical shining black peculiar to the full 
grown specimens. The antennee of the winged form have the sensory 
pit extremely developed, ever}^ joint beyond the basal knob joints being 
furnished with them. In the wingless forms the antennse have only 
the usual single pit on the third long joint, and the little group on the 
the whip joint. 

Life History. — This species is found on the roots of the trees through- 
out the year, and it breeds there quite undisturbed. Early in spring, 
or when the leaf-shoots begin to start, they make their way to the sur- 



— 19 — 

face and to the branches. Here the winged form develops, and then 
makes its way to new quarters, founding new colonies wherever it 
reaches, and these about midsummer make their way to the ground 
and to the roots. Usually some few specimens are to be found on the 
leaves throughout the summer, but they are much more abundant in 
spring. 

No males of this species have been observed, and no eggs have been 
found. 

Plum Aphis. 

Aphis prunifolia, Fitch. 




Fig. 25. 

This is a species of plant lice attacking the young shoots and under- 
side of plum and prune leaves, puncturing them and sucking the sap, 
thereby checking the growth of the tree and the development of the 
fruit. 

When first hatched they are of a whitish color tinged with green, but 
as they increase in size they become a deeper green, and when mature 
some of them are dark with pale green abdomens and dusky wings; eyes 
dark brown. The insect and infested leaves are covered with a whitish 
powder. 

This aphis has proved exceedingly destructive in several prune- 
growing districts. Upon the first appearance of the lice the trees should 
be immediately sprayed with the rosin wash recommended for young 
black scale, care being taken to wet the underside of the leaves. Like 
all other aphis they increase enormously, and a second spraying may 
be necessary later on. 

The Hop Aphis. 

Phorodon humuli. 

Considerable alarm was occasioned in May last, amongst the hop 
raisers of the State, by a report that the' hop louse had made its appear- 
ance in several fields in the neighborhood of Sacramento. Numerous 
letters and boxes containing apliis were received at this office, but none 
contained the true Phorodon humuli. The first box contained leaves- 
of wild radish infested with cabbage lice (Aphis hrassicx); these were 
found in a hop yard. Other boxes contained the plum louse (Aphis 
pricnifolia), but the only insects found upon hop vines received w^ere 
the grain aphis (Siphonophora avenm). These latter species were so 



— 20 — 

numerous upon the terminal growth of the hops that an extensive pur- 
chaser of Oregon and California hops, who had just returned from the 
Sacramento district, insisted they were identical with the louse found 
upon hops in Oregon. I pointed out the difference in the antenuEe, 
also in the color of the eyes, but even then he was not satisfied, so he 





Female. 



Fig. 26. 



Wingless Female. 



wrote to one of his customers in Oregon to send him some dead speci- 
mens. Upon examining them he then became satisfied. However, I 
determined to visit the hop fields, and make a careful inspection, as I 
was informed that several thousand hop roots had been imported from 
Oregon the past winter. I spent two days inspecting the new fields, 
and also examined the older yards, but could find no trace of the 
Phorodon. It is a dangerous practice for intending planters to send to 
Oregon or Washington for hop roots, or even for orchardists in hop 
districts to send to the same States for prune or plum trees, as the eggs 
of the Phorodon can be introduced upon them. 

Prof. F. L. Washburn considers that the hop crop in Oregon and 
Washington was injured to the extent of about one twelfth of its value, 
which places the loss from the hop louse, for the past season in these 
States, at about $365,000, with a fair prospect of said loss being largely 
increased the present season. 



Grain Aphis. 
Siphonophora avense. 



Cabbage Aphis. 
Aphis brassicss. 





Fig. 27. 



Fig. 28. 



The accompanying cuts illustrate the grain and cabbage louse. The 
difference in the Phorodon is in the small cornicles or horns at the base 
of the antennje and in front of the head. These, together with the red 
eyes, can easily be seen with the aid of a good pocket lens. 



— 21 — 



Canker, or Measuring, Worms. 
Anisopteryx autumnata, Packard. 




Fig 29. 

This is known as the fall canker worm, and was very destructive in 
several orchards in Santa Clara County the past season, completely defoli- 
ating apple, prune, plum, apricot, and cherry trees. i-" 

On May fifteenth I was notified of the ravages of this pest,*and 
immediately visited the infected section, where I made a series of experi- 
ments; but the worms were then full grown; some of them had already 



» 




dropped from the trees and burrowed into the loose soil, preparatory to 
changing to the chrysalis. The experiments on this account were not 
very successful, as most of the worms had finished their attacks upon 
the leaves. The orchardists, as soon as they found their trees were 



— 22 — 

attacked, placed tarred paper around the trunks, thinking this would 
prevent them climbing, but the eggs had been placed upon the branches 
of the trees by the wingless female moths in the fall — they generally 
deposit them in clusters near a bud or at the crotch of the small twigs, 
where they can be seen with the aid of a pocket lens. An orchardist 
had sprayed a portion of his apple orchard with Paris green for codlin 
moth, and that was in better condition than the balance. 





# r 










fM iSiJ 


v 


» 




^ 


^N 


N.^kJ 


^Sfi 


T 


• ^«liHr 


It-. 


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Cherry. 

Prune, apricot, and cherry trees were so seriously infected that not a 
perfect leaf was left upon the trees. The accompanying illustrations 
show their destructive work. The young fruit also sutfered, more espe- 
cially the cherries and apricots. When the worms were half grown 
several orchardists destroyed great numbers and saved their trees from 
further depredations by jarring the branches with poles, or throwing dry 
soil over the trees with shovels; this dislodged the worms and they 
dropped, suspended b}^ their webs, and were detached with a switch or 
pole, and by placing bands of paper upon the trunks and smearing 
them with printers' ink, or tar, prevented them from again ascending 
the trees. 

Description. — The female moth (Fig. 29, 6) is wingless and very slug- 
gish in its movements. The body is of a uniform, shining ash color 
above and gray beneath, and measures from .35 to .40 of an inch in 
length. 



— 23 — 

The male moth (Fig. 29, a) is a brownish gray color and very glossy. 
The fore wings are crossed by two irregular white bands; the outer one 
is quite prominent near the apex, where a large pale spot is found. The 
hind wings have a distinct whitish band crossing them, as shown in the 
illustration. The young larva? are of a pale olive green, changing to a 
darker green color, and cluster upon and eat the tender leaves. When 
full grown they measure about one inch in length. 

Remedies. — The principal object should be to prevent the females 
climbing the tree in the fall. If this is properly attended to, and that 
portion of the trunk under the band scrubbed in the spring to destroy 
any eggs that have been deposited thereon, there will be no trouble from 
canker worms. In infected orchards where this precaution has not been 
taken, the trees should be thoroughly sprayed in the winter with one of 
the washes recommended for deciduous trees. Should any hatch in the 
spring the trees must be immediately sprayed with one pound of Paris 
green to two hundred gallons of water. This must be constantly stirred 
when applying, otherwise the Paris green will settle on the bottom of 
the tank. 

Forest Tent Caterpillar. 

Clisiocampa sylvatica, Harris. 



Fig. 30, a. 




Fig. 30, 6. 



Although this pest is known as the forest tent caterpillar, it also 
attacks fruit trees. A number of apple and prune orchards suffered 
from the ravages of this destructive caterpillar this past spring. 

The female moth (Fig. 30, b) deposits her eggs in circles upon the 
twigs or small branches; with each one is secreted a small quantity of 
gummy matter, which, upon drying, forms a coating and seals them to 
the branch and to each other. They remain in this condition all winter, 
and about the time the buds open in the spring the young larvae hatch. 




Fig. 30, c. 



Should the leaves be backward in developing, the larvae will exist with- 
out food for several weeks; but if food is abundant when they hatch, 
they will attain their full growth in five weeks, measuring one and a 
half inches (Fig. 30, c). 



— 24 — 

They are of a pale bluish color, marked with black points and dots. 
On the back is a row of ten or eleven oval diamond-shaped white spots, 
by which it may be distinguished from the common tent caterpillar,' 
while on the sides there are pale yellowish stripes, somewhat broken 
and mixed with gray. The hairs on the body are fox-colored, mixed 
with coarser whitish hairs. Towards evening and sometimes in the 
morning they will collect in masses upon the large branches, Avhen they 
can be destroyed. Some orchardists use a lighted torch and pass 
hurriedly under them when they are so located, and others use a stifi' 
broom with which to crush them. If the entire foliage has not been 
destro3^ed, the full-grown larvse roll themselves up in the leaves, inside 
of which they spin their cocoon, remaining in this state two or three 
weeks, when they change to the moth, and after depositing their eggs 
upon the twigs, as shown in Fig. 30, a, soon die. The moth is brownish 
yellow in color, with the two oblique lines across the wings dark brown. 

The trees should be carefully examined in the winter, and all twigs 
containing egg masses cut off and burned. The cocoons should also be 
collected and destroyed in the summer. As soon as the eggs hatch in 
the spring the trees should be sprayed with Paris green, one pound to 
two hundred gallons of water, and the stems protected with bands to 
prevent the small caterpillars climbing, as they are great travelers. 



25 



lY. 

BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 



The value of predaceous and parasitic insects to the fruit grower has 
been well demonstrated by the work of the Vedalia cardinalis. Other 
species of this family (Coccinellidss) are doing a great deal of good in 
keeping in check the hordes of destructive insects, especially those 
known as "scale bugs" {Coccidse). Among all the beneficial insects 
preying upon armored scales, the diminutive internal parasites are 
undoubtedly of the greatest importance. Owing to the fact that they 
pass the greater portion of their lives under the scale, both in the larval 
and pupal stages, they are but little known to horticulturists. They 
principally belong to the Chalcid and Proctrotrupid families of Hym- 
noptera. The female is furnished with a sharp ovipositor, which she 
inserts under or pierces the scale and deposits a single egg; this in time 
hatches into a small, blind, footless grub destroying the scale, transforms 
into a chrysalis, and changes into a perfect four-winged fly. All these 
changes are gone through under the scale, after which it cuts a small 
circular hole, through which it makes its escape, to afterwards produce 
a new generation of scale destroyers. The benefit from this class of 
insects is apparent in the San Gabriel Valley upon the yellow scale 
{Aspidiotus citrinus). I have recently returned from that section, where 
I noticed a marked decrease of scales and a great improvement in the 
appearance of the trees and the self- distribution of the parasite {Cocco- 
phayus citrinus) to new groves. The fruit from orchards in that district, 
and on sale in San Francisco the past season, was remarkably clean and 
free from scale. 

CoCCINELLIDiB. 

Exochomus marginipennis, Le Conte. 

[Colored plate, Fig. 18.] 

This ladybird resembles Chilocorus bivulnerus somewhat, but when 
examined closer differs greatly. Ground color shining black; head 
yellowish red; thorax with yellow margin, center black, widening on 
hind margin. Elytrse subconvex, shining black, with minute red spot 
near the center, and a large marginal spot joining the hind margin of 
thorax. Abdominal segments black, legs reddish brown, pubescent. 
Length, .16 of an inch. Found feeding upon young scale insects in 
Santa Clara County. 



— 26 — 

Anatis suhvUtata, Mulsant. 

[Colored plate, Fig. 17.] 

This is one of our largest ladybirds. Ground color brownish yellow, 
or clay color. Head with central area black. Prothorax suboval trans- 
verse; side margins broadly whitish luteous, with the whole central area 
black; wider on the hind margin. Ely tree brownish luteous, with two 
whitish spots at the base, one on either side of the scutellum, and sur- 
rounded by a black ground which forms part of the figure of its elytral 
ornamentation, which is that of three vittee connected together and 
unequal in length and width, and rudely representing a figure 5 on each 
elytra. Abdominal segments brownish black; legs black. Length, .33 
of an inch. Specimens of this species were sent by Mr. A. P. Campton 
from Humboldt County, where they destroyed great numbers of woolly 
aphis. 



27 — 



V. 

INTERNAL PARASITES. 



DiABROTicA Parasite. 
Celatoria crawii, Coquillett. 





Pupa. 




Imago. 



Fig. 31. 



Larva. 



This is an internal parasite of the well known twelve-spotted squash 
beetle, so common in fruit-growing districts, and is one of the rare 
instances that have been recorded of a beetle being destroyed by the 
larv£e of a fly. It is not only interesting to an entomologist, but it is 
of great assistance to the horticulturist in reducing the numbers of such 
a serious pest. 

I discovered this parasite in the neighborhood of Los Angeles, where 
I collected a large number of the beetles, and found that fully one third 
were parasitized. I have found them in the larval state in the beetles 
as early as Ma}^ and as late as the middle of October. The May brood 
pupate early in June and remain in this condition about two weeks, 
when they change to the winged form. They are numerous in July and 
August. 

I have sent colonies to different sections of the State, and hope they 
will become established. Mr. Ed. M. Ehrhorn, of Mountain View, Santa 
Clara County, informs me that he found several Diahrotica trivittata 
containing larvte of the Celatoria. This is very interesting, as it shows 
that they will also attack the striped squash beetle. 

The following description is taken from "Insect Life," Vol. II, page 
235: 

Male. — Frontal vitta blackish brown ; sides of front white, tin<ied with yellow; face 
white; palpi reddish yellow; antennae black. Thorax grayish black, destitute of stripes, 
the bristles not disposed in rows. Scutellum grayish black; abdomen black, mottled 



— 28 — 

with gray, destitute of reddish spots. Fifth segment scarcely one fourth as long as 
the fourth ; posterior dorsal pair of bristles on the first and second segments, and a pos- 
terior transverse row of bristles on the third, fourth, and fifth segments, besides several 
along the sides of the abdomen. Vinter concolorous with the dorsum. Legs black ; claws 
and pulvilli much shorter than last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline. Alulse white. Hal- 
teres yellow. 

Female. — Same as the male, except that there is a medium pair of bristles on the second, 
third, and fourth segments. Length, .18 to .22 of an inch. 

Puparium. — Dark brown, .cylindrical ; the ends rounded ; quite thickly covered with 
black spines of varying lengths, some of the longer ones converging and adhering to 
each other, forming clusters of from eight to fourteen spines. Length, .18 of an inch! 

Yellow Scale Parasite. 
Coccophagus citrinus, Craw. 




Fig. 32. 
(The small cross between the antennte indicates the natural size.) 




Posterior leg. 



Antennae. 



Description. — Length, .03 of an inch; wing expanse, .06 of an inch. 
Antennae as long as head and thorax; color yellowish, and covered with 
short dark hairs; eight-jointed; scape slender and slightly curved; 
stout pedicel, one third length of scape; between pedicel and funicle 
are two very small ring joints that form the elbow; joints 3 and 4 are 
the shortest, 5 and 6 each increase in length and diameter; joint 7 is 
twice the length of 6, and 8 is the same length as 7, but narrower and 
tapering. Head is yellow, eyes black, oceli bright red; posterior por- 
tion of head and pronotum are very dark brown. Thorax golden 
yellow; abdominal segments are dark brown, almost black. Wings are 
furnished with long marginal hairs; the basal half of the anterior 
wings are clouded, and the entire surface of the wings is covered v/ith 
short hairs, with the exception of a strip commencing near the stigma 
and extending around the wing to nearly the opposite edge. Legs light 
yellow. 

This preys upon Aspidiotus citrinus, and is the smallest internal 
parasite that attacks the destructive scales found in California. When 
at rest upon the leaf it is very difficult to detect with the naked eye, 
nevertheless it is proving to be one of the most valuable insects in the 
State. It has relieved the orange growers of the central portion of the 
San Gabriel Valley from the expensive necessity of annually spraying 



— 29 — 

or fumigating their trees. Several orchardists in the Los Angeles sec- 
tion have been inclined to abandon all work in fighting the red scale 
(A. aurantii). having heard of the benefit derived in the former district 
from this parasite. This is probably owing to the fact that the two 
species of scales have been considered identical, and both have been 
known by the common name "red scale;" but we have had positive 
evidence that the parasite will not attack A. aurantii, and no internal 
parasite has yet been found preying upon it. So, our only protection 
against the true red scale is to fight it with the hydrocyanic acid gas, or 
rosin wash. 



30 — 



VI. 

REMEDIES-FORMULAS FOUND EFFECTIVE. 



The following formulas have been thoroughly tested, and when care is 
taken in their preparation they will give entire satisfaction. Of course, 
to be successful, the condition of the weather must be considered. Should 
unusually heavy fogs prevail at the time of application, the work should 
either be deferred or a slightly stronger solution used. If the indications 
are for rain within forty-eight hours, the operation should be postponed 
until the weather becomes settled. Should a heavy shower occur imme- 
diately after spraying, that portion should again be treated, otherwise 
the scales will escape and infest the balance of the orchard. No spray- 
ing should be done during high winds; it is not only wasteful with the 
solution, but experience has proved that it is also very damaging to the 
trees. With thorough cooking, and a more careful observance of the 
atmospheric conditions, there will be less complaints of the failure of 
well known remedies. Another important point is thoroughness of appli- 
cation. With citrus trees the operator should first pass around in the 
inside of the tree, wetting the under side of the leaves and branches, 
and from the outside the nozzle should be inserted where the foliage is 
dense, so that every part may be moistened. With deciduous trees in 
winter every part can be reached; still this requires care. The nozzle 
should be passed between the limbs from every side, so that the spray 
will reach the inner surface of the opposite branches. The men doing 
the spraying should always be reminded of the importance of wetting 
every portion of the tree, and not do the work hurriedly, as has often 
been the case and the cause of poor results. 

ROSIN WASH FOR CITRUS TREES INFESTED WITH RED SCALE. 

When properly prepared this remedy will be found one of the best for 
use upon citrus trees, both from its effect upon the tree and as an 
insecticide. It assimilates perfectly with water, making a milky solution 
that will adhere to the foliage and wood, forming a thin, varnish-like 
covering that completely excludes the air from the scales, thus suffocat- 
ing them. For the cottony scales {Icerya and Dactylopius) it has 
proved the most penetrating of all washes, sealing the eggs in a mass 
and thus preventing them from hatching. The following formula will 
be found effective: 

Eosin 20 pounds. 

Caustic soda (70 per cent) -. 6 poi;nds. 

Fish oil - -- --. 3 pounds. 

Water to make 100 gallons. 

Directions for Preparing the above Wash. — Place the rosin, caustic soda, 
and fish oil in a large boiler, pouring over them about twenty gallons 
of water, and cook thoroughly over a brisk fire for at least three hours; 



— 31 — 

then add hot water, a little occasionally, and stir well until you have 
not less than fifty gallons of hot solution. Place this in the spray tank 
and add cold water to make the necessary amount. The great secret in 
the successful preparation of this wash is never to add cold water when 
cooking, otherwise the rosin will be precipitated, and it is difficult after- 
wards to get it in solution. This is one reason why some sprayers have 
had indifferent success in killing the scales with this remedy. 

As far as my experience goes we have no wash that is equally effective 
upon the scales located upon the fruit, and this accounts for spraying 
being more successful on young than ui^on bearing trees. The oil in 
the rind of oranges and lemons appears to repel or prevent the wash 
from adhering to the fruit. 

After the materials are thoroughly cooked and diluted with the proper 
amount of hot water, the solution should then be j^oured into the tank, 
through a very fine brass wire sieve or piece of thin open cloth. This 
will remove any debris that would become lodged in the nozzle, causing 
annoyance and delay when spraying. August and September are the 
best months to spray for red scales upon citrus trees. 

ROSIN WASH FOR NEWLY HATCHED BLACK SCALE. 

When only black scales are found upon citrus trees, the following 
proportions will be found effective, if applied in September or not later 
than the end of October. The same instructions as recommended in 
preparing the rosin wash for red scales should be carefully carried out 
in making this. It is also one of the cheapest effective washes, costing 
less than 1 cent per gallon: 

Rosin 18 pounds. 

Caustic soda (78 per cent) - 5 pounds. 

Fish oil - - - 2| pounds. 

Water to make 100 gallons. 

ROSIN WASH FOR WINTER USE UPON DECIDUOUS TREES. 

The following formula will be found a very eflfective remedy against 
the pernicious scale; also for the Lecaniums. If for the latter species, 
the trees should be thoroughly sprayed as soon as the leaves drop in the 
fall, as then the scale is in a defenseless condition before it has formed 
the hard calcareous covering to its body. In some sections where a 
slight frost occurs early in the season, the leaves drop before the young of 
the "black" or "apricot scales" vacate them for the twigs. In this event, 
the leaves should be plowed under, as the scales at this stage of their 
existence still retain all their powers of locomotion, and are thus enabled 
to ascend and infest any tree they may chance to be near; or the leaves 
may be carried by the wind to other portions of the orchard not infested. 

The following are the proportions of materials for the winter wash: 

Rosin __ ._-.' 30 pounds. 

Caustic soda (70 per cent) .-. 9 pounds. 

Fish oil.. 4| pints. 

Water to make 100 gallons. 

The directions for preparing this wash are the same as those given for 
citrus trees. 



— 32 — 

SUMMER WASH FOR SAN JOSE SCALE, FUNGUS, ETC., UPON DECIDUOUS TREES 

Whale-Oil Soap and Sulphide of Potash. 

Whale-oil soap (80 per cent strength) ...20 pounds. 

Sulphur 3 pounds. 

Caustic soda (98 per cent) 1 pound. 

Commercial potash 1 pound. 

Water to make 100 gallons. 

Place sulphur, caustic soda, and potash together in about two gallons 
of water, and boil for at least one hour, or until thoroughly dissolved. 
Dissolve the soap by boiling in water; mix the two and boil for a short 
time; use the solution hot. 

To accomplish the best results this wash should be used soon after 
the scales have hatched. From the middle of May until the beginning 
of July is the time when the great hatching takes place. Carefully 
examine the trees about that time, and after you are satisfied all are 
hatched apply the wash. It is very important to use a good quality of 
soap in the preparation of this wash. To test the soap spread five 
ounces of it on a tin plate and place it on top of a pot of boiling water. 
The loss in drying will indicate the amount of water in the soap. Thus, 
if one ounce is lost in drying, the soap would be of 80 per cent strength. 

FOR BLACK SCALE ON OLIVE TREES. 

Directions for making emulsion: 

Kerosene oil (150 degrees test) 5 gallons. 

Common laundry soap (or li bars usually sold as pound packages) li pounds. 

Water 1 2| gallons. 

After above is emulsified, use by diluting one gallon of the mixture 
to six and one half gallons of water, and add two and one half pounds 
of home-made soap, dissolved in a little boiling water, to the solution (all 
the mixing is done with hot water), and apply at a temperature of 140 
degrees Fahrenheit. 

LIME, SULPHUR, AND SALT FOR WINTER USE UPON DECIDUOUS TREES. 

For San Jose Scale and Lecaniums. 

This remedy has been extensively used for the past three seasons, and 
has proved a good fungicide as well as insecticide. Mr. I. H. Thomas, 
of Visalia, the gentleman who brought it prominently before the public, 
uses thirty pounds of lime, and considers this enough; but better results 
have been obtained in the coast counties by adding more lime. The 
recommendation to thoroughly cook the rosin wash applies equally to 
this. Some experiments have been made to find out which of the 
materials is the insecticide, but it cannot be claimed for either sepa- 
rately, but to the combination, and upon this account they should be 
well boiled. 

The following formula and directions, if properly carried out, will 
produce an effective solution: 

IJnslacked lime ..40 pounds. 

Sulphur .20 pounds. 

Stock salt - 15 pounds. 

Water to make 60 gallons. 



— 33 — 

Directions. — Place ten pounds of lime and twenty pounds of sulphur 
in a boiler with twenty gallons of water, and boil over a brisk fire for 
not less than one hour and a half, or until the sulphur is thoroughly 
dissolved. When this takes place the mixture will be of an amber 
color. Next place in a cask thirty pounds of unslacked lime, pouring 
over it enough hot water to thoroughly slacken it, and while it is yet 
hot and boiling add the fifteen pounds of salt. When this is dissolved add 
to the lime and sulphur in the boiler and cook for half an hour longer, 
when the necessary amount of water to make the sixty gallons should 
be added. The solution should then be strained through a brass strainer 
or a piece of burlap. When using it should be frequently and well 
stirred. In applying this wash a spray nozzle having a rubber orifice 
or plate should be used, as those made of brass are soon worn out by 
the action of the lime. 

GAS TREATMENT. 

' This method is a Californian invention, and has proved the most 
successful of any remedy for destroying scale insects, especially upon 
citrus trees, as owing to their dense foliage and the difficulty of killing 
the insects located upon the fruit, spraying has not been altogether suc- 
cessful. With a tent covering the tree, and the proper amount of gas, 
portions of it are not missed, as is frequently the case in spraying. 

The derricks and tents required are more expensive than a spraying 
outfit, but the result is more lasting. An orchard that has been prop- 
erly fumigated, and not in the immediate vicinity of infested trees, will 
remain clean for at least two years. This would justify the extra first 
cost of an apparatus. In order to have satisfactory results from fumi- 
gation, it is necessary to procure the best grade of fused cyanide of 
potassium. That prepared by Powers & Weightman, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, has given entire satisfaction; it contains about 60 per 
cent cyanide. An analysis should always be demanded in purchasing 
large quantities. Samples should also be submitted to a competent 
chemist, for the operator should know beyond a question the strength 
of his material. Another important matter is to see that the workmen 
can accurately estimate the height and diameter of a tree. The neces- 
sity of this will be evident after a number of men note down their esti- 
mates of a certain tree, and then make measurements. 

The use of a light pole, with the number of feet marked thereon, and 
a few experiments with it by the beginner, will tend to more uniform 
results. The mistake of even one foot in the diameter of an average 
sized fruit tree will be sufficient to reduce the density of the gas so that 
the operation would be a failure. To remedy this, it is advisable to 
allow the tent to remain over the tree not less than forty minutes. 
This will give ample time for the gas to become diffused, and the 
lengthened exposure will have the desired effect upon the insects. 

If three derricks are used, each provided with two tents, the work can 
be carried on by three men without loss of time. With four planks to 
each wagon to prevent the wheels sinking in the soft cultivated soil, the 
horses can be dispensed with, unless in moving the apparatus from one 
grove to another. Better results have been obtained, and the trees are 
less liable to injury from scorching, when the light has been excluded 
by a darkened tent (painted black), or treated at night. The reason 

8-D 



— 34 — 



advanced for this is, that the sunlight decomposes the gas, changing 
to other gases injurious to the tree. 

The amount of cyanide of potassium (58 per cent) required for the 
different sized trees will be found in the following table: 



Height of 


Diameter Through 


Water— Fluid 


Sulphuric Acid- 


Cyanide of Potas- 


Tree— Feet. 


Foliage— Feet. 


Ounces. 


Fluid Ounces. 


sium—Ounces. 


6 


4 


2 


1 


1 


8 


6 


4 


2 


2 


10 


8 


6 


'6 


3 


12 


10 


10 


5 


5 


12 


14 


14 


7 


7 


14 


14 


16 


8 


8 


16 


16 


18 


9 


9 


18 


16 


20 


10 


10 


20 


16 


22 


11 


11 


22 


18 


24 


12 


12 


24 


20 


26 


13 


13 


26 


20 


27 


13i 


13i 


30 


20 


28 


14"' 


14 



In August last I visited Riverside, and in company with Dr. N. H. 
Claflin, Horticultural Commissioner for that district, made a careful 
inspection of the two groves that have been recently fumigated for A. 
aurantii. Upon examination I found that the gasing had been very 
successful in killing the scales without injury to any but the smaller 
trees, the tops of which, in one of the groves, were slightly damaged. 
This part of the grove was treated by the owner with the assistance of 
one of his men, and in their determination to kill the scales more chem- 
icals were used than were necessary. 

The example of the city of Riverside can be followed with advantage 
in other fruit-growing districts, in furnishing to the orchardist fumi- 
gating apparatus for a small rental — sufficient to pay for the wear and 
tear. The city receives the benefit in saving her productive and beau- 
tiful groves, and the fruit grower is saved the heavy expenditure of 
providing a private outfit. The only expense is for operating and 
necessary chemicals. Another advantage is that the operators are 
thoroughly trained, and the work can be done more expeditiously and 
economically than if undertaken by the orchardists. The fumigation 
at Riverside is in charge of Mr. T. B. Johnson, who attends personally 
to the proportions of chemicals necessary for each tree, and from his 
experiments upon large trees he has shown that the amount required is 
much less than was formerly considered requisite. 

The city owns three derricks, one of which is shown in the accom- 
pany illustration, and is Dr. Claflin's improvement of the Preble fumi- 
gator. The mast is extensible nine feet, and is also pivoted ten and a 
half feet from the ground, so it can be lowered to pass under the tele- 
graph wires in moving to another grove. The main yard is hinged at 
the mast so that either or both arms can be dropped parallel with the 
mast. The latter is placed behind the rear axle of the wagon, and thus 
prevents the ropes from getting under the wheels. The wagon-bed is 
narrower in front, so that the forward wheels can be drawn well around 
for turning short. 



— 35 — 



PLANS OP FUMIGATING APPARATUS. 
t 

For the benefit of any one desiring to construct a fumigating outfit, I 
append the plans of the apparatus constructed by S. W. Preble, Esq., 
of Tustin, Orange County, taken from the Annual Report of the State 
Board of Horticulture of 1890, the entire edition of which is exhausted. 
There is no patent upon this invention, and any one is at liberty to 
adopt it: 




I 



Side View of Fkame. 

Description.— A. Wagon. B. Tents (2). C. Main yard. D. Mast. 
E. Crossbars (2). F. Ladder. G. Mast stays (6). H. Main yard truss 
(2). a. Trail boards (8), to bottom edge of tents, h. Guide lines (8), 
one half inch diameter to trail boards, thirty feet each, c Six-inch 
blocks (2), double sheave, for hoisting tents, d. Four-inch blocks (20), 
single sheave, for hoisting trail boards, e. Belaying pins (4), galvan- 
ized iron, to fasten ropes. /. Main rope (2), three quarters inch diame- 
ter, for hoisting tents, one hundred and ninety feet each. g. Trail ropes 



IG — 




Front View in Working Order. 

Scale: One eighth of an inch to the foot. 

(8), for hoisting sides of tents, one half inch diameter, one hundred 
and twenty feet each. h. Rope thimbles (32), one half inch diameter, 
galvanized iron, for trail ropes of tents, i. Six-inch sheaves (2), brass, 
in main yard, for hoisting tents, h. Five-inch sheaves (6), brass, in 
main yard, for hoisting tents. 



VII. 
SPRAYING APPARATUS. 



PUMPS. 



JI^The spread of injurious insect pests in the past few years has caused 
the invention and improvement of a great many spraying apparatus. 
The following are the most approved pumps used in the State: 




Fig. 33. 




Fig. 34. 



— 38 — 

The Climax No. 1* (Fig. 33) is a very neat machine. It is used a 
great deal by small growers. It consists of a tank made of heavy gal- 
vanized iron, is oval in shape, and will hold eight gallons of liquid. It 
is provided with a handle for convenience in carrying, and on the 
reverse side is a notch for placing the foot for the purpose of holding it 
down w^hile in use. In this tank is securely fitted a double action pump, 
made entirely of brass. A fine copper strainer at the bottom prevents 
sediments from passing up and chocking the spray nozzle. The hollow 
piston rod, combined with the check valve at the bottom of the cylinder, 
makes a strong, steady flow, the air in the hollow piston acting as a 
cushion. Owing to the great lifting and forcing power obtained, the 
pumping movement is "very slow. The different parts of the pump 
being brass, there is nothing to corrode by the use of strong washes. 





Fig. 35. 



Fig. 36. 



The Fountain pump, or Hydronettef (Fig. 34), is also a very good 
apparatus, and can be used for various purposes. It is especially good 
for spraying trees infested with insect pests in close quarters. This 
pump is made of brass with a rubber hose attached for suction. The 
pump has two brass cylinders fitting one into the other, and works on 
the principle of a syringe. Mr. A. Block, the extensive orchardist of 

*R. S. Chapman, IS California Street, San Francisco. 

t Woodin & Little, 312 Market Street, San Francisco ; Holbrook, Merrill & Stetson, 
San Francisco. 



— 39 — 




Santa Clara, has a number of these in use and prefers them to large 
pumps. Figs. 35,* 36,* and 37* are also excellent small pumps. 

A very convenient apparatus for those who have but a few trees 
infested is the Excelsior Knapsack sprayer f (Fig. 37-|). 




Fig. 37>2^ 

It can be fastened to a person's back and carried from one tree to 
another. It is made of copper, and the pump works very easily. Occa- 
sionally a tree or two will be found infested by some pest or other, and 
will, if not promptly attended to, spread to other trees. This can be 
prevented by using the above pump, and without much loss of time. 
Although using the above pumps on a small scale as stated, when but 
a few trees are infested, the proper way is to wash the entire orchard, 
as insect pests spread very quickly, and trees appearing free from them 
may have a few, which will increase to such an extent as to cover the 
trees in one season. 

*Woodin & Little, 312 Market Street, San Francisco. 

tAlbinson & Co., 2026 Fourteenth Street, Washington, D. C. ; Leitch & Sons, 1214 D 
Street, Wasliington, D. C. 



— 40 — 




Fig. 39. 



Fig. 40. 



— 41 



We will now turn our attention to the larger spray pumps. These- 
pumps are mostly used by the extensive fruit growers of the State. The 
Champion spray pump* (Fig. 38) is a very strong and compact pump, 
has double action, and the cylinder is lined with brass. The motion of 
the piston is horizontal, and the handle is so arranged that no bending 
is required. The pump has a good air chamber, which gives a continu- 
ous and even discharge. The valves are metal and lie directly beneath 
the air chamber, being easily reached when out of order. The plunger 
is a solid disk of vulcanized rubber, and is made so that the wear may 
be instantly taken up by tightening a nut. A gauge can be attached to 
the pump. This is a very good idea, as when testing the pump on the 
first trip a certain pressure will show where the pump works best, and 
the man at the handle can always keep it at such pressure, thereby 
making the spraying uniform. 




Fig. 42. 



The Bean spray pumpsf (Figs. 39, 40, 41, and 42) are used very much 
throughout the State, and have proved very reliable pumps. The main 
feature of this pump is the charge receptacle. This is a cylinder, 

*Woodin & Little, 312 Market Street, San Francisco. 
tBean Spray Pump Company, Los Gates, L'al. 



— 42 — 

made of strong' sheet iron, and holds about five gallons of wash. It 
will, when properly charged with air and fluid, throw a continuous spray 
from ten to fifteen minutes without operating the handle. It is best to 
charge with air first and then with fluid. A gauge shows the quantity. 
About fifty pounds pressure per square inch of air, the balance fluid, 
and kept at one hundred pounds pressure, will do good work. 

The cylinders in the Bean spray pump are enameled inside. This 
will withstand the action of the acids or alkali in the solution; and the 
valves and plunger packing are made of a rubber compound that is 
chemically prepared to resist the action of corrosive washes. The valves 
of the latest improved Bean spray pumps are easily reached; nothing 
but a common wrench is necessary and no mechanical skill required to 
change the valve or plunger packing. The pump shown at Fig. 42 can 
have four lines of hose attached. 




Fig. 43. 

Another good pump is the Improved Climax No. 2* (Fig. 43). It is 
mounted on a fifty-gallon barrel, and has two brass pumps like Climax 
No. 1 , but larger and more powerful. Each of these pumps is complete in 
itself, but the two are connected by a crosshead at the top and are worked 
by[the same stroke. The two pumps are joined and empty into a ^-shaped 

*R. S. Chapman, 18 California Street, San Francisco. 



— 43 — 




Fig. 46. 



coupling (Fig. 44), allo^Ying two lines of hose to be attached. A very- 
important addition to this coupling is a- stopcock attached to each branch 
of the A) permitting the current of each hose to be shut off separately. 
Like the small Climax, this one has hollow piston rods, and besides has 
an air chamber which insures a strong continuous flow. Each pump 
has a cojDper strainer at the bottom. Everything in this pump is brass. 
The pistons are also brass, and are fitted with water rings, and therefore 
do not require packing or readjusting. 



_ 44 — 

The Excelsior Improved Double- Acting, Hooker's Patent* (Fig. 45), 
is a strong, durable pump, and a favorite in the southern part of the 
State, where it is extensively used in the orange groves, and has given 
great satisfaction. Fig. 45 can be fastened on top of the tank and Fig. 
46 can be bolted to the side, but the former is the preferable style. The 
valves of these pumps are very simple and durable, and easily accessible. 
They can be changed without disconnecting air chamber, suction or dis- 
charge pipes. Fig. 45 shows the place where the valves can be reached. 

The Manhattan brass spraying pump* (Figs. 47 and 48) is extensively 
used in Napa and Sonoma Counties. This pump has rubber valves, 
which can easily be replaced. 





Fig. 47. 



Fig. 48. 




Garratt's Horizontal Spray or Wine pumpf (Fig. 49) is a double-acting, 
compact, and durable one. The valves are easy of access, so that little 
trouble or loss of time is caused when repairs become necessary, A 

*Holbrook, Merrill & Stetson, San Francisco, Cal. 
t W. T. Garratt & Co., San Francisco. 



— 45 — 




Fig. 50. 



good illustration of the pump at work will be seen in Fig. 50. It can be 
placed on a sled or can also be arranged on a wagon, as desired. 



NOZZLES. 



According to the different materials for spraying trees, different styles 
of nozzles are used to do the work. The lime, salt, and sulphur wash 








Fig. 51. 



— 46 — 

has gained a strong foothold as a winter wash, and the " Duck's Bill," 
or new Bean nozzle (Fig. 51), was manufactured by the Bean Pump 
Company to answer the purpose. 

The above wash always carries some coarse materials with it which 
wear out a metal nozzle in a few hours, the wash acting like a file on 
the fine edges. The new Bean nozzle is furnished with a rubber plate, 
against which the liquid strikes. This rubber can be used several 
times by turning it, and is also easily replaced. As will be noticed in 
the cut, the nozzle has a thumbscrew for making a fine or coarse spray. 
The orange growers of the State object to the protruding parts of all 
nozzles, as it is very difficult to prevent the small limbs catching 
therein. They prefer such nozzles as the San Jose (Fig. 52) and the 
Imperial (Fig. 57). 




Fig. 52. 



The San Jose nozzle (Fig. 52) can be used for the lime, salt, and 
sulphur wash. A rubber disk is used and does very fine work. For 
caustic washes or kerosene emulsion, a brass disk is placed instead of 
the rubber. Recently an improvement has been made for cleaning this 




Fig. 53. 

nozzle. It consists of a sliding disk in which are several slits and a 
circular hole. If, when using a fine spray, it should clog, slide the disk 
over to the hole, when the coarse stream will remove the obstruction. 

The Bean nozzle (Fig. 53) is a very handy nozzle, and is well made. 
It has a coarse as well as a fine adjustment, and can be easily cleaned. 



— 47 — 

The stopcock has three different cuts, and when the fine spray gets 
clogged, by simply turning to the opening it will carry off the obstacle 
and clean the nozzle. 




Fig, 54. 

The Cyclone nozzle (Fig. 54) gives a very fine spray and has no pro- 
jection, and therefore does not catch in the fine branches of trees. The 
spray can be thrown straight up the tree or in a shower from above, or 
can be turned so as to wash the underside of the leaves. The cap can 
be removed, when necessary to clean the nozzle. An improvement has 
recently been made on the cap. Instead of having a dented edge the 
cap is hexagon, and a small pocket wrench can be used to loosen the 
cap, as the old style is sometimes very difficult to unscrew. 




Fig. 55. 




The Pacific Cyclone (Fig. 55) and Chapman's Cyclone (Fig. 56) are 
about the same as Fig. 54, only having the spray discharge direct, instead 
of to one side. Chajiman's nozzle has a cleaning device, but it forms 
that objectionable hook; otherwise it works very well. 



- 48 




Fi2 



The Imperial nozzle (Fig. 57) is greatly used on the Sacramento River. 
As before stated, it is one of the plain kind, and can furnish a fine and 
a coarse spray. 




Fig. 58. 

Green's End and Side Spray (Fig. 58) is a very solid piece of mechan- 
ism. It resembles the Bean nozzle very much, but has two distinct 
outlets, and also a separate circular cleaning hole. 

It is very hard to recommend any nozzle in preference to another; 
they each have good points, and fruit growers should choose according 
to the materials and the class of the trees they intend spraying. 



EXTENSION RODS. 

Bamboo Extension. 




Fig. 59, 



After trees attain a certain height it is very difficult to reach every 
point of the tree without the aid of an extension rod. These rods vary 
in length from five to twelve feet. The material used is -j, |, and ^-inch 
gas pipe, which makes a strong and light rod. At the base of these rods 
is a stopcock, which is used to turn on and shut off the spray when 
necessary to clean the nozzle. The bamboo has been utilized for rods 



— 41) — 

and at Fig. 59 is a bamboo exteiiHion, tb rough the center of which passes 
a thin brass pipe. These are, of course, very light, and are used very 
much, but are not as dural)le as the gas pipe. 

SPRAYING HOSE. 

Good rubber hose is one of the most important articles in a spraying 
outfit. The pressure of tlie pumps will, in every instance, swell a poor 
hose to double its diameter. It is therefore necessary in the start to 
purchase a good quality, and the most desirable size to use is the half- 
inch four-ply rubber hose. The sections should not be less than fifty 
feet, as with this length the operator can pass around the tree and 
thoroughly spray every portion before leaving it. 

SPRAY TANKS. 




Fig. 60. 

A fifty-gallon barrel with a square piece (eight by ten inches) sawed 
out of the head, beveled so as to prevent it dropping in, and fixed with 
a pair of brass hinges, makes a good tank, where only one line of hose 
is used. The pump, when practicable, should be bolted to the head of 
the barrel. With other styles of pumps a nipple near the bottom 
should be placed, to which the suction hose can be attached. This 
outfit can be carried upon a sled, drawn by one horse. But where con- 
siderable spraying has to be done, a tank holding from two hundred to 
two hundred and fifty gallons should be constructed and mounted upon 
a farm wagon having broad tires. The material should be well seasoned, 
one and one half inches thick. All the joints should be Avater-stopped, 
('. c, grooved, into which is fitted a long slat. This will prevent leakage 
from strain or shrinkage. The tank should be bolted together with 
long iron bands; one end of each should be provided with screw and nut, 
so that it can be tightened. Upon the top and to one end should be a 
hopper, with the sides beveled, and eight inches high, and wide enough 
to admit the entrance of a man if necessary. Into this hopper a 
movable box, with a brass-wire screen bottom, should be fitted, through 

4-D 



50 — 




Pig. 61. 

which all the solution should be strained. Over this a hinged cover 
keeps the box in place, and prevents leaves or rubbish, passing into the 
tank and clogging the nozzles. Upon the bottom, or in one end, should 
be a two-inch hole, for the purpose of cleaning the tank. Some spray 
tanks are provided with divisions, each connected with pipe and stop- 
cock, for sidehill orchards. This equalizes the load upon the wheels, 
and is a great improvement. 

BELLOWS AND SIFTERS. 



In some instances, when trees, shrubs, and flowers are attacked by 
insects, the materials for disinfection are used in a powdered state. To 
spread these evenly over the infested plants, various apparatus have 
been invented. 

Among the most primitive is a common preserve can with a piece of 
ware cloth soldered in the bottom. The fineness of the wire cloth will 
not permit a great quantity of material to sift through at one time, and 
in that way will cover the shrub with a very even coat. For high trees 
the can is fastened to a long pole, and by shaking the pole the sub- 
stance w'ill sift over the tree. 




Fig. 62. 



The Favorite* (Fig. 62) is an improved sulphur bellows. This is no 
doubt the simplest and best bellows made, and is constructed in such a 
way that the operator can only expel just enough material without 

* California Bellows Co., 123,66316 Stre6t, San Francisco. 



— 51 — 

excess, thereby saving a large percentage. When operated, having no 
elbows or projections, it will not catch in limbs of plants. The long 
tube, as seen in the cut, prevents the operator from endangering his eye- 
sight. The receptacle on top of the bellows is filled with the material 
to be used. A tube passes from the bellows through the substance to 
the lid. This tube has a cap which has four long holes cut into it, and 
is kept on the tube by a little brass spring. When forcing air through 
the tube it lifts the cap up to the holes and forces the powdered mate- 
rial out of the discharge tube. 

DEALERS IN SPRAYING APPARATUS. 



Not having received the names of all the dealers in spraying outfits, 
our list is not a complete one, and parties desiring pumps or spraying 
outfits can procure them through their local dealers. The following are 
a few in the principal towns of the State who can be addressed in regard 
to pumps and spraying apparatus: 



Harper, Reynolds & Co., Los Angeles. 

W. C. Furrey, Los Angeles. 

Brown & Foster, Los Angeles. 

F. W. Baker, Ventura. 

P. Charlebois & Co., Ventura. 

Bryant Bros., San Diego. 

Harville Bros. & Co., San Diego. 

M. J. Bundy, Santa Ana. 

Drake & Clark, Santa Ana. 

L. Gildniaclier, Santa Ana. 

J. S. Haywood & Co., Santa Ana. 

.lohn McFadden, Santa Ana. 

S. W. Luitweiler, Riverside. 

A' Fleck & Ormand, Riverside. 

Trowbridge & Wakeraan, Riverside. 

James G. Burt, San Bernardino. 

Geo. M. Cooley, San Bernardino. 

Edwards & Co., Santa Barbara. 

Nixon & Boseka, Santa Barbara. 

Dinkelspiel Bi-os., Bakersfield. 

A. Weill, BakersHeld. 

A. Williamson, San Luis Obispo. 

F. W. Vetterline, San Luis Obispo. 

Wood Bros., Visalia. 

Sweet & Co., Visalia. 

Barrett, Hicks & Co., Fresno. 

Donahoe, Emmons & Co., Fresno. 

Vanderhurst, Sanborn & Co., Salinas. 

J. A. Webster, Salinas. 

Wm. Palmtag, HoUister. 

Henry Snibley, HoUister. 

Parker & Robinson, Santa Cruz. 



J. H. Heath, Santa Cruz. 

Farmers Union, San Jos4. 

Mangrym & Otter, San .Tose. 

The John Stock Sons, San Jose. 

Montague & Co., San Jose. 

J. F. Archibald, Merced. 

R. Bancroft, Merced. 

Huddleson & Co., Modesto. 

Jamison & Reedy, Modesto. 

T. G. McNamara, Redwood City. 

H. Schwarz, Napa City. 

James & Son, Napa City. 

J. C. Mailer, Santa Rosa. 

Burch & Mathews, Santa Rosa. 

F. A. Ruhl, Stockton. 

John Jackson, Stockton. 

Baker &■ Hamilton, Sacramento. 

Kilgore & Co., Sacramento. 

Weatherwax & Morey, Placerville. 

J. M. White, Auburn. 

Hampton Hardware Co., Marysville. 

White, Cooley & Cutts, Marysville. 

Jas. C. Gray, Oroville. 

Oroville Hardware Co., Oroville. 

J. H. Barker, Ukiah. 

F. Brunner, Sr., Ukiah. 

A. M. Newland, Colusa. 

J. Griver, Colusa. 

Cone & Kimball Co., Red Bluff'. 

Morris & Campbell, Red Bluff". 

W. H. Johnston, Eureka. 

H. H. Buhne & Co., Eureka. 



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